PHARSALOS in THESSALY 400BC Athena Horse Authentic Ancient Greek Coin i49251

Description: Item: i49251 Authentic Ancient Coin of: Greek city of Pharsalos in Thessaly Bronze 15mm (3.40 grams) Struck circa 400-344 B.C. Reference: HGC 4, 654; Sear 2196; Rogers 485-487; BCD Thessaly II, 653, 666.2 Head of Athena left in close-fitting crested Attic helmet ornamented with figure of Skylla. ΦΑΡΣ, Helmeted cavalryman charging right on horseback, brandishing flail upon which bird perches. One of the more important towns of Thessaly, Pharsalos was built on the northern slopes of Mt. Narthakios. It was the scene of Caesar's famous victory over Pompey in 48 B.C. You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity. In Greek mythology , Scylla was a monster that lived on one side of a narrow channel of water, opposite its counterpart Charybdis . The two sides of the strait were within an arrow's range of each other—so close that sailors attempting to avoid Charybdis would pass too close to Scylla and vice versa. The strait has been associated with the Strait of Messina between Italy and Sicily . The idiom "between Scylla and Charybdis" has come to mean being between two dangers, choosing either of which brings harm. Mythology Various Greek myths account for Scylla's origins and fate. According to some, she was one of the children of Phorcys and Ceto. Other sources, including Stesichorus , cite her parents as Triton and Lamia . According to John Tzetzes [2] and Servius ' commentary on the Aeneid ,[3] Scylla was a beautiful naiad who was claimed by Poseidon, but the jealous Amphitrite turned her into a monster by poisoning the water of the spring where Scylla would bathe. A similar story is found in Hyginus ,[4] according to whom Scylla was the daughter of the river god Crataeis and was loved by Glaucus , but Glaucus himself was also loved by the sorceress Circe . While Scylla was bathing in the sea, the jealous Circe poured a potion into the sea water which caused Scylla to transform into a monster with four eyes and six long necks equipped with grisly heads, each of which contained three rows of sharp teeth. Her body consisted of 12 tentacle-like legs and a cat's tail, while four to six dog-heads ringed her waist. In this form, she attacked the ships of passing sailors, seizing one of the crew with each of her heads. In a late Greek myth, recorded in Eustathius ' commentary on Homer and John Tzetzes,[5] Heracles encountered Scylla during a journey to Sicily and slew her. Her father, the sea-god Phorcys , then applied flaming torches to her body and restored her to life. Athena or Athene (Latin: Minerva ), also referred to as Pallas Athena, is the goddess of war, civilization, wisdom, strength, strategy, crafts, justice and skill in Greek mythology . Minerva , Athena's Roman incarnation, embodies similar attributes. Athena is also a shrewd companion of heroes and the goddess of heroic endeavour. She is the virgin patron of Athens . The Athenians built the Parthenon on the Acropolis of her namesake city, Athens, in her honour (Athena Parthenos). Athena's cult as the patron of Athens seems to have existed from the earliest times and was so persistent that archaic myths about her were recast to adapt to cultural changes. In her role as a protector of the city (polis), many people throughout the Greek world worshiped Athena as Athena Polias ("Athena of the city"). Athens and Athena bear etymologically connected names. Farsala (Greek: Φάρσαλα), known in Antiquity as Φάρσαλος , Pharsalos or Pharsalus, is a city in southern Thessaly , in Greece . Farsala is located in the southern part of Larissa Prefecture , and is one of its largest cities. The city is linked with GR-3 , the old highway linking Larissa and Lamia and is also accessed by GR-30 linking Karditsa and Volos . The GR-1 /E65 and E75 superhighway runs to the east of the city. Several mountain ranges lie to the South, while the Thessalian Plain lies to the North, some hills to the East and the Farsalian Fields in the central part. Farsala is located SE of Karditsa , S of Larissa , W of Volos and N of Lamia . The area is an economic and agricultural centre of the province. The population are mainly rural especially with cotton production and breeding, one of the many are in local production units in agricultural production as well as clothing and textile industries. Farsala is famous for its distinctive halva . The population (2006) is about 13,500. The population in 1981 was 7,094, in 1991 8,413 and in 2001 9,801. // Ancient Pharsalos The Homeric Phthia of the Mycenaean period, capital of the Kingdom of the Myrmidons and of Peleus , father of Achilles , has sometimes been identified with the later city of Farsalos (Greek: Φάρσαλος), now Pharsala. A Cyclopean Wall which protected a city still exists today near modern Pharsala, as does a vaulted tomb from that period. The Pharsalos of the historic era was built over a hillside of the Narthacius mountains at an elevation of some 160 m, where modern Pharsala stands. It was one of the main cities in Thessaly and was the capital of the Phthian tetrarch . In the Persian Wars it sided with the Athenians . A distinctive tribe of the city was that of Echecratidon. In the early-4th century BC, the city was a part of the Thessalian Commons. Later, it joined the Macedonian Kingdom under Philip II . The area became a theatre of war where the Aetolians and the Thessalians clashed with the Macedonians, especially during the Second and the Third Macedonian Wars . After the defeat of the Macedonian Kingdom, Pharsalos and the whole area became a part of the Roman Republic . The whole area suffered great destruction during the Roman Civil War . The Battle of Pharsalus took place in 48 BC in the fields of the Pharsalian Plain, where Julius Caesar defeated Pompey . The geographer Strabo speaks of two towns, Old Pharsalos (Palaepharsalos) and Pharsalos, existing in historical times. His statement (9.5.6) that the Thetideion, the temple to Thetis south of Skotoussa, was “near both the Pharsaloi, the Old and the New”, seems to imply that Palaepharsalos was not itself close by Pharsalos. Although the battle of 48 BC is called after Pharsalos, four ancient writers - the author of the Bellum Alexandrinum (48.1), Frontinus (Strategemata 2.3.22), Eutropius (20), and Orosius (6.15.27) - place it specifically at Palaepharsalos. In 198 B.C. Philip V had sacked Palaepharsalos (Livy 32.13.9). If that town had been close to Pharsalos he would have sacked both, and Livy would have written “Pharsalus” instead of “Palaepharsalus”. The British scholar F. L. Lucas demonstrated (Annual of the British School at Athens, No. XXIV, 1919-21) that the battle of 48 BC must have been fought north of the Enipeus, near modern-day Krini; and John D. Morgan in “Palae-pharsalus – the Battle and the Town” (The American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 87, No. 1, Jan. 1983), suggests that Krini is built on the site of Palaepharsalos, where the old road south from Larissa emerged from the hills on to the Pharsalian Plain. Thessaly is a traditional geographical region and an administrative region of Greece , comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages , Thessaly was known as Aeolia, and appears thus in Homer 's Odyssey . Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881, after four and a half centuries of Ottoman rule. Since 1987 it has formed one of the country's 13 regions and is further (since the Kallikratis reform of 2010) sub-divided into 5 regional units and 25 municipalities . The capital of the region is Larissa . Thessaly lies in central Greece and borders the regions of Macedonia on the north, Epirus on the west, Central Greece on the south and the Aegean Sea on the east. The Thessaly region also includes the Sporades islands. History Ancient history Thessaly was home to an extensive Neolithic culture around 2500 BC . Mycenaean settlements have also been discovered, for example at the sites of Iolcos , Dimini and Sesklo (near Volos ). In Archaic and Classical times, the lowlands of Thessaly became the home of baronial families, such as the Aleuadae of Larissa or the Scopads of Crannon. In the 4th century BC Jason of Pherae transformed the region into a significant military power, recalling the glory of Early Archaic times. Shortly after Philip II of Macedon was appointed Archon of Thessaly, and Thessaly was thereafter associated with the Macedonian Kingdom for the next centuries. Thessaly later became part of the Roman Empire as part of the province of Macedonia . The region of Thessaly in the 7th century, experienced an influx of Slavic warlords, Perboundos the Slavic king who established permanent settlement in Macedonia also included Thessaly, as part of his Slavic realm and region. He named the region "Belzetia" and appointed a lord to govern and peacefully maintain order. The Slavic Belegezites tribes, under king Perboundos began building settlements and agricultural farms known as subsistance communal farms . The lord of Thessaly Akamir was at war with the Roman Empire , and by 700 AD a fortress was fully built. The Slavs of Macedonia had included Thessaly as part of Sklavinia , the Battle of Larissa occurred in 780 AD. Medieval and Ottoman Thessaly Thessaly remained part of the East Roman "Byzantine" Empire after the collapse of Roman power in the west, and subsequently suffered many invasions, such as by the Slavic tribe of the Belegezites in the 7th century AD. Following the campaigns of the Byzantine general Staurakios in 782-783, the Byzantine Empire recovered Thessaly (then known as Hellas ), taking many Slavs as prisoners.[4] In 977 it was raided by the Bulgarians. Dissatisfaction about the taxation policy led in 1066 the Aromanian and Bulgarian population of Thessaly to revolt against the Byzantine Empire under the leadership of a local lord, Nikoulitzas Delphinas .[5] The revolt, which began in Larissa , was soon expanded in Trikala and later northwards to the Byzantine-Bulgarian border. In 1199-1201 another unsuccessful revolt was led by Manuel Kamytzes , son-in-law of Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos .[6] In 1204 it was assigned to Boniface of Montferrat and in 1225 to Theodore Komnenos Doukas , despot of Epirus . From 1271 to 1318 it was an independent despotate that extended to Acarnania and Aetolia , run by John I Doukas . In 1309 settled there the Almogavars or Catalan Company of the East (Societas Catalanorum Magna), which in 1310, after lifting the siege of Thessalonica, withdrew as mercenaries in the pay of the sebastokrator John II Doukas , and took over the country organized in a democracy. From there they departed to the Duchy of Athens , called by the duke Walter I . In 1318, with the extinction of the Angelid dynasty, the Almogavars occupied Siderokastron and southern Thessaly (1319) and formed the duchy of Neopatria . One of the flags used in Thessaly during the Greek War of Independence (designed by Anthimos Gazis ). In 1348, it was invaded and occupied by the Serbs under Preljub . After the latter's death in 1356, the region was conquered by Nikephoros Orsini , and after his death three years later, it was taken over by the self-proclaimed Serbian emperor Simeon Uroš . Simeon's son John Uroš succeeded in 1370 but abdicated in 1373, and Thessaly was administered by the Greek Angeloi-Philanthropenoi clan until the Ottoman conquest c. 1393. Ottoman control was disputed by the Byzantines until the 1420s, when it was consolidated by Turahan Bey , who settled Turkomans in the province and founded the town of Tyrnavos . In 1821, parts of Thessaly and Magnesia participated in the initial uprisings in the Greek War of Independence , but these revolts were swiftly crushed. Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881, after the Treaty of Berlin . Geography Volos view from Pelion mountain. Thessaly occupies the east side of the Pindus watershed, extending south of Macedonia to the Aegean Sea . The northern tier of Thessaly is defined by a generally southwest-northeast spur of the Pindus range that includes Mount Olympus , close to the Macedonian border. Within that broken spur of mountains are several basins and river valleys. The easternmost extremity of the spur extends southeastward from Mt. Olympus along the Aegean coast, terminating in the Magnesia Peninsula that envelops the Pagasetic Gulf (also called the Gulf of Volos), and forms an inlet of the Aegean Sea. Thessaly's major river, the Pineios , flows eastward from the central Pindus Range just south of the spur, emptying into the Thermaic Gulf . The Trikala and Larissa lowlands form a central plain which is surrounded by ring of mountains. It has a distinct summer and winter season, with summer rains augmenting the fertility of the plains. This has led to Thessaly occasionally being called the "breadbasket of Greece". The region is well delineated by topographical boundaries. The Chasia and Kamvounia mountains lie to the north, the Mt. Olympus massif to the northeast. To the west lies the Pindus mountain range, to the southeast the coastal mountains of Óssa and Pelion . Several tributaries of the Pineios flow through the region. Demographics According to the census conducted by ESYE in 2011, the population of the region of Thessaly is 732,762 and represents 6.8% of the total population of the country. It has noted a 2.8% decrease in the population since 2001 and remains the third largest region in the country population-wise. The population break-down is 44% urban, 40% agrarian and 16% semi-urban with the agrarian population having noted a decline which has been paralleled with an increase in the semi-urban. The metropolitan area of Larissa, the capital of Thessaly, is home to more than 230,000 people, making it the biggest city of the region. Major communities Litheos river flowing through city of Trikala . Economy The alluvial soils of the Pineios Basin and its tributaries make Thessaly a vital agricultural area, particularly for the production of grain , cattle , and sheep . Modernization of agricultural practices in the mid-20th century has controlled the chronic flooding that had restricted agricultural expansion and diversification in the low-lying plains. Thessaly is the leading cattle-raising area of Greece , and Vlach shepherds shift large flocks of sheep and goats seasonally between higher and lower elevations. The last decades, there is a rise in cultivating dried nuts such as almonds , pistachios and walnuts especially in the region of Almyros . Rise in the number of olive oil trees have been also observed. The nearly landlocked Gulf of Pagasai provides a natural harbor at Volos for shipping the agricultural products from the plains just to the west and chromium from the mountains of Thessaly. Transport There are a number of highways E75 and the main railway from Athens to Thessaloniki (Salonika) crosses Thessaly. The region is directly linked to the rest of Europe through International Airport of Central Greece located in Nea Anchialos in a small distance from Volos and Larisa . Until today charter flights links the region and brings tourists to the wider area, mainly in Pelion and Meteora . The new infrastructure includes a brand new terminal ready to serve 1500 passengers per hour and new airlanes. Administration The Thessaly region was established in the 1987 administrative reform. In everyday use, "Thessaly" is identified with the administrative region, although the historical region extended south into Phthiotis and at times north into West Macedonia as well. With the 2010 Kallikratis plan , the powers and authority of the region were redefined and extended. Along with Central Greece , it is supervised by the Decentralized Administration of Thessaly and Central Greece, based at Larissa . The region is based at Larissa and is divided into five regional units (four were pre-Kallikratis prefectures ), Karditsa , Larissa , Magnesia , the Sporades and Trikala , which are further subdivided into 25 municipalities . The region's governor is, since 1 January 2011, Konstantinos Agorastos , who was elected in the November 2010 local administration elections for the New Democracy party. Mythology In Homer 's epic, the Odyssey , Odysseus visits the kingdom of Aeolus, and this is the old name for Thessaly. The Plain of Thessaly, which lies between Mount Oeta /Othrys and Mount Olympus , is the site of the battle between the Titans and the Olympians . According to legend, Jason and the Argonauts launched their search for the Golden Fleece from the Magnesia Peninsula. Frequently Asked Questions How long until my order is shipped?: Depending on the volume of sales, it may take up to 5 business days for shipment of your order after the receipt of payment. How will I know when the order was shipped?: After your order has shipped, you will be left positive feedback, and that date should be used as a basis of estimating an arrival date. After you shipped the order, how long will the mail take? 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Price: 220 USD

Location: Rego Park, New York

End Time: 2024-03-03T17:12:51.000Z

Shipping Cost: 4.5 USD